PRONOUNCIATION CONSONAN CHART

 PRONOUNCIATION CONSONAN CHART

 

The IPA consonant chart

This is the main IPA consonant chart. (Clicking on a column will take you to the page for that place of articulation. Clicking on a row label will take you to the page for that manner of articulation.)


Given that we need to answer seven questions to describe a consonant, a perfect consonant chart would need seven dimensions. For us mere mortals who can't handle seven-dimensional diagrams, the IPA consonant chart uses several tricks to squeeze the answers to all seven questions into two dimensions.
In the horizontal dimension of the IPA consonant chart, each of the most common places of articulation (i.e., the most common combinations of active and passive articulators) has its own column:

IPA column label	active articulator	passive articulator
bilabial	labial (lower lip)	labial (upper lip)
labiodental	labial (lower lip)	dental (upper teeth)
dental	apical/laminal	dental
alveolar	apical/laminal	alveolar
postalveolar	apical/laminal	postalveolar
retroflex	apical	postalveolar/palatal
palatal	dorsal	palatal
velar	dorsal	velar
uvular	dorsal	uvular
pharyngeal	radical	pharyngeal
glottal	(see page)	(see page)

Note also the mega-column that covers dental, alveolar, and postalveolar for most of the height of the chart. The designers of the IPA thought it was worthwhile to make three real columns only for the fricatives. For all the other manners of articulation, a symbol in the mega-column, like [d], can represent a sound with any of the three places of articulation. For many languages this is good enough for a broad transcription. In those cases where you need to get more specific, you can add diacritics:

dental	[ d̪ ]
alveolar	[ d̺ ]
postalveolar	[ d̠ ] (or else treat as retroflex [ ɖ ])

In the vertical dimension of the chart, each of the most common combinations of constriction degree, nasality, and laterality has a row of its own.

IPA row label	laterality	nasality	constriction degree
Plosive	non-lateral	oral	stop
Nasal	non-lateral	nasal	stop
Trill	non-lateral	oral	trill
Tap or Flap	non-lateral	oral	tap or flap
Fricative	non-lateral	oral	fricative
Lateral Fricative	lateral	oral	fricative
Approximant	non-lateral	oral	approximant
Lateral Approximant	lateral	oral	approximant

Only the two most common types of phonation (voiced and voiceless) are represented in the main IPA chart. If two symbols appear in the same cell (like [p] and [b]), the one on the left represents a voiceless sound (like [p]) and the one on the right a voiced sound (like [b]). Symbols that appear alone and pushed to ward the right (like [m]) also represent voiced sounds.
Airstream mechanism is not answered directly in the consonant chart. Every last one of the consonants in the main chart uses the most common airstream mechanism -- the pulmonic mechanism, as indicated in the title of the chart, "Consonants (pulmonic)". The sounds that use one of the less common airstream mechanisms are exiled to a smaller sub-chart (which appears directly below the main consonant chart if you have the all-on-one-page version).

Contents page

Contents page for Vowels and Consonants

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 book links

Clicking on a symbol will take you to a part of the chart where you can hear the corresponding sound.
To hear the sounds in a row or column and get short definitions of the terms click here.

READ MORE - PRONOUNCIATION CONSONAN CHART

Cara Daftar Ujian SNMPTN 2012

Tata Cara Pendaftaran

 Pendaftaran SNMPTN Jalur Ujian Tertulis dilakukan secara online dan tata cara pendaftaran secara lengkap dapat dilihat pada laman http://ujian.snmptn.ac.id. Tata cara pengisian borang pendaftaran ujian tertulis dan keterampilan dapat diunduh (download) dari laman http://download.snmptn.ac.id mulai tanggal 11 Maret 2012.

Biaya Jalur Undangan dan Jalur Ujian Tertulis/Keterampilan

Jadwal Pembayaran :  10 s.d. 31 Mei 2012

Biaya pendaftaran SNMPTN 2012 Jalur Ujian Tertulis & Keterampilan :

IPA / IPS	:	150.000,-
IPC	:	175.000,-
Ujian Keterampilan	:	150.000,-  untuk setiap jenis ujian keterampilan

Kode pembayaran 10000 : untuk PEMBAYARAN BARU  (Rp. 150.000,- atau Rp. 175.000,-)

Kode pembayaran 10001 : untuk PEMBAYARAN TAMBAHAN (dengan menggunakan KAP yang telah dimiliki) dan berlaku untuk : 

• pembayaran tambahan biaya ujian  sebesar Rp 25.000,- bagi peserta yang sudah pernah membayar  Rp 150.000,- tetapi berubah untuk memilih Kelompok Ujian IPC, atau
• pembayaran tambahan biaya ujian keterampilan  sebesar Rp. 150.000,- untuk setiap jenis ujian keterampilan), atau
• pembayaran biaya ujian sebesar Rp. 150.000,- atau Rp. 175.000,- bagi peserta yang pernah mendaftar SNMPTN Jalur Undangan (baik reguler maupun pelamar bidikmisi)
 

Tetapi sebelum anda mendaftar secara online anda harus registrasi dulu di Bank Mandiri. ketika kita sudah membayar uang pendaftaran maka anda akan mendapatkan Nomer Pin pendaftaran untuk dimasukkan ke form pendaftaran online, setelah anda mendapatkan nomor pin baru anda melaksanakan pendaftaran secara online.

  dan setelah itu masuklah ke situs resminya dah ada langsung ada panduan lengkapnya, saran saya kan masukanlah data secara benar dan dengan teliti, karena boleh jadi akan tidak valid ketika hari ujian tilisnya.

Jadwal Jalur Tertulis

Tatacara pengisian borang pendaftaran bisa mulai di unduh di http://download.snmptn.ac.id	30 April 2012.
Pendaftaran Online	10 – 31 Mei 2012
Jadwal Ujian Tertulis	12-13 Juni 2012
Jadwal Ujian Keterampilan	14 dan/atau 15 Juni 2012
Pengumuman Hasil Ujian	7 Juli 2012 mulai pukul 19.00 WIB.

Informasi lebih lanjut:

SNMPTN Tahun 2012

SELEKSI NASIONAL MASUK PERGURUAN TINGGI NEGERI (SNMPTN) TAHUN 2012
JALUR UJIAN TERTULIS

Laman resmi	:	http://www.snmptn.ac.id dan http://halo.snmptn.ac.id
Twitter	:	@2012snmptn
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